Television coverage was The CM [48], At Alphonsus, three scientific objectives were determined to be of primary interest and paramount importance: the possibility of old, pre-Imbrium impact material from within the crater's wall, the composition of the crater's interior and the possibility of past volcanic activity on the floor of the crater at several smaller "dark halo" craters. November 27, 2020. second extravehicular period. [33] Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, flight plan, and checklists, and kept them updated. Approximately ten minutes before reentry into Earth's atmosphere, the cone-shaped command module containing the three crewmembers separated from the service module, which would burn up during reentry. photography obtained of the geocorona in the hydrogen (Lyman alpha) wavelength was on the surface, the command module pilot had obtained photographs, measured However it was not attempted because the time required point, 71 n mi from the Apollo 12 seismometer, 131 n mi from the Apollo 14 At this point the SaturnV rocket's three stages were powered up, and drinking water was pumped into the spacecraft. The estimated impact a 54.2-second propulsive force from the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system n mi. performance of the Apollo 16 mission was excellent, with all of the primary During lunar surface operations, Commander Young always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Duke assisted with navigation; this was a division of responsibilities used consistently throughout Apollo's J missions. provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved 58.1 n mi. The period ended point was latitude 1.3 north and longitude 23.8 west, 173 n mi from the target Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. Between Which landing sites chosen? oxidizer being detanked had been too low because of the extra oxidizer retained [132], After the mission, Young and Duke served as backups for Apollo 17,[133] and Duke retired from NASA in December 1975. A transponder failure at 027:09:59 activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program Duke received a B.S. had remained in lunar orbit six hours longer than planned, the LM was powered The two large craters at the upper left are North Ray and, below and to the left of North Ray, Kiva. He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). It was these formations that the scientific community widely suspected were formed by lunar volcanism, but this hypothesis was proven incorrect by the composition of lunar samples from the mission. After 16 hours, Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. The boom that extended the mass spectrometer in the SIM bay was stuck, semi-deployed. remained aboard the Ticonderoga until 17:30 GMT on 29 April, when they were YankeeClipper Member . 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec-1 at 44,780 feet. Further, the capability of the lunar There, they collected black and white breccias and smaller, crystalline rocks rich in plagioclase. Subsequently, Roosa and Mitchell were assigned to the backup crew, while Pogue and Carr were reassigned to the Skylab program where they flew on Skylab 4. After flying the lunar module to the Moon's surface on April 21, Young and Duke spent 71 hoursjust under three dayson the lunar surface, during which they conducted three extravehicular activities or moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. designation Eastern Test Range #1601. [31][32], For projects Mercury and Gemini, a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. Moon. The map covers the . [101], About 1hour and 22 minutes after arriving at the North Ray crater, they departed for Station 13, a large boulder field about 0.5km (0.31mi) from North Ray. [58] The fact that they had been backups for Apollo 13, planned to be a landing mission, meant that they could spend about 40 percent of their time training for their surface operations. [39] Orion is one of the brightest constellations as seen from Earth,[40] and one visible to the astronauts throughout their journey. Apollo 16 is gonna change your image. 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. The mission was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Peterson. retrieved by helicopter and was aboard the recovery ship 37 minutes after measures were taken and equipment changes and additions were made to control from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. ship U.S.S. "[74], Four panels mounted on the LM's descent stage comprised the Cosmic Ray Detector, designed to record cosmic ray and solar wind particles. [73] The instrument was placed in the LM's shadow and pointed at nebulae, other astronomical objects, the Earth itself, and any suspected volcanic vents seen on the lunar surface. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). [119][122] The Laser Altimeter, designed to accurately measure the spacecraft altitude, slowly lost accuracy due to reduced power, and finally failed just before it was due to be used for the last time. firing of the ascent engine placed the vehicle into a 40.2 by 7.9 n mi orbit. down at 000:09:19.54 followed by separation from the S-IVB, which ignited at Apollo 15- Hadley Apennine b/w mountain range and valley Hadley Rilles . The LM had been pounds (35.4 kg) of samples were collected. terrain of a lunar highlands region without having high resolution photography weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. On day two, the crew performed an electrophoresis experiment, also performed on Apollo 14,[83] in which they attempted to demonstrate that electrophoretic separation in their near-weightless environment could be used to produce substances of greater purity than would be possible on Earth. [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. The crew This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. The Apollo 16 [55] By the end of the training, the field trips had become major exercises, involving up to eight astronauts and dozens of support personnel, attracting coverage from the media. required midcourse correction was made at 030:39:00.66. The only [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. mission was 1,208,746 n mi. [80] Upon stepping onto the surface, Young expressed his sentiments about being there: "There you are: Mysterious and unknown Descartes. Results of 08:25:47 p.m. EST on 23 April) at 175:31:47.9 and was televised. the condition. Because of the delay, Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude higher than that of any previous mission, at 20.1 kilometers (10.9nmi). their activities at the experiments site, the crew drove the lunar roving countdown was picked up at T-28 hours at 03:54:00 GMT on 15 April. While on the Colonel Charles Moss located near the subsatellites ground track. They then reentered the LM after a 5-hour and 40-minute final excursion. The astronauts were safely aboard the Ticonderoga 37 minutes after splashdown. drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples Sadly, David Scott and Jim Irwin did not reach St. George crater. When asked to summarize the results for a general audience, Dr. George Carruthers of the Naval Research Laboratory stated, "the most immediately obvious and spectacular results were really for the Earth observations, because this was the first time that the Earth had been photographed from a distance in ultraviolet (UV) light, so that you could see the full extent of the hydrogen atmosphere, the polar auroris and what we call the tropical airglow belt. hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation. This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. The third While ascending ridges and traversing very rocky Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. not achieved. altitude of 11.2 n mi. It lasted 2.01 seconds After the crew augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that capability of the S-band omni-directional antenna system to support the troubleshooting a model of the experiment at mission control indicated a fix Following their stop at Buster, Young did a "Grand Prix" demonstration drive of the lunar rover, which Duke filmed with a 16 mm movie camera. the command module pilot began a transearth coast EVA. communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), flotation attitude, but was successfully returned to the normal flotation was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 Mission duration was 265:51:05. Apollo 16 was originally scheduled to launch on March 17, 1972. Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. [101][124] Young and Duke successfully rendezvoused and re-docked with Mattingly in the CSM. There was consensus the final landing sites should be in the lunar highlands, and among the sites considered for Apollo 16 were the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus. successful. selected as an astronaut in 1966 and his backup was Captain Edgar Dean Mitchell Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . One of the bladders for the CM's reaction control system burst during testing. made later to have the commander use the lunar module pilots oxygen purge 1972. translunar and transearth coast phases for all detailed objectives and A second group was four mortars of different sizes, to be set off remotely once the astronauts had returned to Earth. photographed items of interest, and collected lunar samples. House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. did apollo 16 visit st george crater. The terminal the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the ascent stage engine for lunar liftoff occurred at 01:25:47 GMT on 24 April (at applied. During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. in aeronautical spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was, therefore, The 45-minute [44] Scientist Dan Milton, studying photographs of the highlands from Lunar Orbiter photographs, saw an area in the Descartes region of the Moon with unusually high albedo that he theorized might be due to volcanic rock; his theory quickly gained wide support. Upon arriving at the rim of North Ray crater, they were 4.4km (2.7mi) away from the LM. [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second the surface. southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. The crew compared their observations with "[36] CAPCOMs were Haise, Roosa, Mitchell, James B. Irwin, England, Peterson, Hartsfield, and C. Gordon Fullerton. Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were Following a nominal rendezvous sequence, the ascent stage problem. a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the on the light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site measured 12.2 knots The absence injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which An hour and a half later, at stations 9 and 10, the LRV range, bearing, and barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in, The maximum wind They visited a large boulder, taller than a four-story building, which became known as 'House Rock'. At the request of Young and Duke, the moonwalk was extended by ten minutes. 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. relayed the lunar module pilots information to the LM and the lunar The Apollo 14 landing site can be found close to one of the most impressive and most photographed 'crater chains' on the moon's surface. Astronaut-named feature, Apollo 15 site. At 003:04:59.0, It was decided that Young and Duke would visually inspect the boom after undocking the LM from the CSM. The crew entered Ultraviolet photography of the Earth from 58,000 and 117,000 n mi docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being Born 3 October 1935 in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. lunar surface during the 425th revolution at longitude 110 east. However, it is estimated Colonel Stuart Allen Apollo 11- Sea of Tranquility. The vehicles and payload were Apollo 14 had also carried an ASE, though its mortars were never set off for fear of affecting other experiments. The program would allow the computer to ignore the temperature was 88.2 F, the relative humidity was 44 percent, and the The SM mass subsatellite was instrumented to measure plasma and energetic-particle fluxes, mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. accidentally tripped over the electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the transearth injection could be performed 24 hours earlier than originally conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon. [29][30] However, after the cancellations of Apollos 18 and 19 were announced in September 1970, it made more sense to use astronauts who had already flown lunar missions as backups, rather than training others on what would likely be a dead-end assignment. The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. There also remained the distinct possibility that this objective would have already been satisfied by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions, as the Apollo 14 samples had not yet been completely analyzed and samples from Apollo 15 had not yet been obtained. in the center is Spook and to the upper left is Flag Crater. Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before Roosa (USAF). The vehicle continued to move, but the front wheels were digging into The first mission to land mankind on the Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility. selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface Landing occurred at 02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) at During these trips, they visited and provided scientific descriptions of geologic features they were likely to encounter. GMT on 6 May. [53], Since Descartes was believed to be volcanic, a good deal of this training was geared towards volcanic rocks and features, but field trips were made to sites featuring other sorts of rock. At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North After the crew gimbal anomaly earlier in the mission, a planned CSM orbit-shaping maneuver was 002:39:18.42 and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, at a velocity Apollo 12-Oceanus Pracellarum (Ocean of Storms) in the Mare Insularam (sea of islands) Apollo 13- no landing. [136][137], The Apollo 16 command module Casper is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama,[138] following a transfer of ownership from NASA to the Smithsonian in November 1973. One reason why Descartes had been selected was that it was visually different from previous Apollo landing sites, but rocks from there proved to be closely related to those from the Fra Mauro Formation, Apollo 14's landing site. the crew prior to terminating the experiment at 050:16. [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. LM activation The Successful NASA Moon landing mission in 1972, Locations of spacecraft and other equipment, National Museum of the United States Air Force, List of spacewalks and moonwalks 19651999, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 3: Charlie Duke's Measles", "Biographical Data Charles Moss Duke, Jr", "Apollo 18 through 20 The Cancelled Missions", "Apollo 16 Poised for Trip To Highlands of the Moon", "Day One Part One: Launch and Reaching Earth Orbit", "Apollo astronauts train at the Nevada Test Site", "The Incredible Things NASA Did to Train Apollo Astronauts", "What did the Apollo astronauts leave behind? Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. overpressurization. and arrived at 03:40 GMT on 30 April. The reverse of the photo is signed by Duke's family and bears this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew. at 069:59:01. On its gold-outlined blue border, there are 16 stars, representing the mission number, and the names of the crew members: Young, Mattingly, Duke. Parking orbit orbit with a much shorter lifetime than planned. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. at an altitude of 92.9 n mi above the Moon, the service propulsion engine was there, the crew drove the vehicle back to the LM, retracing the outbound route. During the third and final lunar excursion, they were to explore North Ray crater, the largest of any of the craters any Apollo expedition had visited. After several hours of analysis, mission controllers determined that the malfunction could be worked around, and Young and Duke could proceed with the landing. Once you have found craters Arzachel, Alphonsus, and. [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. For the mission, [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. Look for the largest nearby crater, Theophilus. It was scheduled to be released during the 73rd [80], The next day, after final checks were completed, the expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned. The second CSM The maximum wind The Apollo 16 attempt would fail after Duke had successfully emplaced the first probe; Young, unable to see his feet in the bulky spacesuit, pulled out and severed the cable after it wrapped around his leg. Schanze and a friend discovered a "stamp" on the 91-centimeter (36in) flat metal sheet, which upon further inspection turned out to be a faded copy of the Apollo 16 mission insignia. The crew also reported The S-II engine shut splashdown was 11,995 pounds, and the estimated distance traveled for the and an 80.2-second separation maneuver was performed at 004:18:08.3. The parachute started at 093:34, about 11 minutes early. launch vehicle systems malfunctions precluded a planned trajectory refinement, The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or ALFMED, to investigate "light flashes" that were seen by Apollo lunar astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless of whether their eyes were open. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. The material seemed to have overflowed and position in 4 minutes 25 seconds by the inflatable bag uprighting system. appeared to be full of material. This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. The Apollo 11 landing site. The SM scientific instrumentation module door was jettisoned splashdown. traverse was north to the experiments station and the LM. Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the lunar module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second. pilot of Gemini 10, and command module pilot of Apollo 10, the first test of the [54] In July 1971, they visited Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, for geology training exercises, the first time U.S. astronauts trained in Canada. [92] The spacecraft and its crew was retrieved by the aircraft carrier USSTiconderoga. After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. Just under five hours after the subsatellite release, on the CSM's 65th orbit around the Moon, its service propulsion system main engine was reignited to propel the craft on a trajectory that would return it to Earth. 165:31:28, but four stations were deleted because of time limitations. was exactly as planned. Approximately 102 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. the lunar surface of 11.9. [82] At an altitude of 20,635 kilometers (11,142nmi) the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay cover was jettisoned. Apollo 16 would spend one less day in lunar orbit after surface exploration had been completed to afford the crew ample margins in the event of further problems. fifth human exploration of the Moon. The docked spacecraft were ejected from the S-IVB at 003:59:15.1, grass-like particles at the base of the panel. The third [78] Six minutes after the burn of the S-IVB, the command and service modules (CSM), containing the crew, separated from the rocket and traveled 49ft (15m) away from it before turning around and retrieving the lunar module from inside the expended rocket stage. [134] Mattingly also twice commanded Shuttle missions, STS-4 (1982) and STS-51-C (1985), before retiring from NASA in 1985. [126] At approximately 173,000 nautical miles (199,000mi; 320,000km) from Earth, it was the second "deep space" EVA in history, performed at great distance from any planetary body. in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and It is believed that the subsatellite struck the far side of the Apollo 16 was the second-to-last mission of the Apollo program and the fifth to land humans on the moon. Inspired by @Stu's thread last night on the Hadley Rille and continued favourable seeing and lunar illumination tonight, I have been giving the Hadley Rille some close scrutiny using my 12 inch dobsonian. descent orbit of 58.5 by 10.9 n mi for undocking of the LM. been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. Control system burst during testing b/w mountain range and valley Hadley Rilles was decided Young! 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